فصلنامه نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی
سال هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 25، زمستان 1393)

Turkey and Iran are two important and effective countries in the region that any of them have its own interests and are willing to advance its own influence in the region more than the other one. Almost Turkey has tried to present in the everywhere that Iran was there. In the past years, Turkey and Iran have a great geopolitical interactions and interface in the regional champs due to geopolitical necessities. Thus, comprehensively and completely examination of the relationships in the past years toward the surroundings and neighboring regions is impossible, without comprehensively and completely examination of the relationships between two countries. In fact, correct understanding of Iran’s geopolitical policy necessities with Turkey needs the examination of Turkey’s foreign geopolitical polarization necessities, for it is one of the most important neighbors of the country and also a great deal of Islamic Republic of Iran’s capacity of foreign policy is allocated to this country. So, in consideration of the view, the geopolitical opposition atmosphere oftwo countries creates a kind of soft geopolitical hostility for the countries, particularly in intact political - economic areas and northern regions of Iraq are most important champs’ contention. Therefore, this study, in addition of conceptualizing of the terms of macro field and micro fields, examines the challenges and interactions, negative and positive points facing the two geographical elements in the Kurdish regions and shows its theory, which is opposition in regional champs with geopolitical view.

Brand equity is one of the instruments that can be used in measuring effectiveness of the brand. It is important in service industries such as tourism. This is why that the present study was aimed to identify brand equity dimensions for tourism destinations. The statistical population of this study includes the marketing and tourism professors and authors that have specialty in brand equity. A sample of 200 professors and authors has been selected from this population through convenience sampling method. In order to collect the research data, a self-administrated online questionnaire has been developed and then sent to the sample members. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire has been examined and confirmed in this study. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) is the statistical method that has been used for extracting dimensions of tourism destination brand equity. The findings of this study identify nine dimensions for tourism destination brand equity. These include perceived quality of human relations, perceived attractions of tourism destination, perceived popularity of tourism destination, perceived convenience in tourism destination, perceived value of tourism destination, personal awareness of tourism destination, tourism destination loyalty, and perceived satisfaction of tourism destination.

Population size, physical boundary and definition of political division of cities and towns of an urban system change over time period. These changes can be led to the functional changes of them. Change of small town’s population is an important factor in urbanization process and urban system. Thus, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the change trends of small town’s (25 to 100 thousand people) status in the urban system of Iran in recent 50 years and wants to answer to this question that “which factors have influenced on changes of number and population of small towns?” The prevailing approach to this research is descriptive – analytical in which balancesheet model has been used to analyze changes in the number and population of small towns and the factors influencing these changes over the period of recent 50 years from 1956 to 2006. In balance sheet model, changes of number and population of a certain class of cities is the result of six factors including the growth of cities from lower classes / to upper classes, decline of cities from upper class / to lower classes, creation of new towns and loss of towns? According to the results gained by balance sheet model, small towns in all decades have grown in terms of number and population. In the all decades, population growth of towns in lower class into small town’s class, and growth of small towns into upper class are the most important factor influencing on changes of the number and population of small towns. In terms of “by place” changes, population growth of small towns increased from 49 percent in period 1956-1966 to more than 80 percent, and decreased to 27 percent in period 1996-2006. In terms of “by class” changes, growth of these towns increased from 54 percent in 1956-1966 to more than more than 77 percent in 1976-1986 period, and decreased to 12 percent in period of 1996-2006. Also in terms of “by class” changes, in-class changes and growth of cities are the most important factors of growth of these towns. in decades 1986 -1996 and 1996 – 2006 were created considerable number of new small towns, especially in the periphery of national metropolitan (Tehran), that in most cases lack real functions of small towns and rather act as habitants for over population of Tehran metropolitan. Thus, in two recent decades (1986-2006), creation of new small towns, especially in Tehran province, is one of influencing parameters on small town’s population growth.

Geographic spatial is the fundamental concept in geographical sciences and different aspects of spatial come up as specialized majors in geographical science. From philosophy standpoint if there not been changing in spatial geography from humanity functions there is not any changing process in geography environment. Nowadays one of bases and sources that create the changing in the space of geography is globalization process. In other word, there is not any structure and function hasn’t been affected from the globalization process. The impacts of globalization are led to the emergence of new dimensions and issues in geographic space. In this paper, with descriptive and analytical methods and with rely on documentation; have were struggled that from philosophy approach, explain changing basses and new aspects of geographical spaces with relationship with globalization process. Finding research reveals that liberal-capitalism as map way of globalization is genesis and source of future changing in geographical space.

Social capital and the phenomenon of ethnocentrism is intimately linked with the level of ethnic tendencies And the level and depth ethnic tendencies are also dependent on different factors and Fields. Therefore, Classification and determine little bag of ethnic interests is considered of great importance for achieving ethnic Integration. The purpose of this study is investigating the relationship between concepts related to Integration issues and Ethnic diversity and the components of social capital between two ethnic Turk and Kurd in Urmia city. Type of research, Applied and Its Methods is descriptive - analytical. Statistical population is 375 people from residents 4 Zone of Urmia City. Research Index is includes 38 indicators of social capital and 11 indicators of ethnic Integration. Results based on study of social capital in regions of Urmia City shows that Rate of social capital in Urmia City is an average of 2/67 (63/22 percent). In this respect have been allocated to social partnership and Interest to the society with the amount of 2/75 (75/8 %), highest rate and family relationships and social trust with the amount of 2/56 (61/4%), the lowest rates. Ranking of urban areas by using of TOPSIS Model and the use of Entropy weighting method Show that have been known Zone 2 and 3 as rich zones and zone 1 as rich half zone or marginal with Low levels of social capital. Review of Integration ethnic Turk and Kurd is also represents a significant relationship between variables of Integration ethnic to breakdown each of the ethnicities in Urmia city. Also, Kendall's correlation coefficient is calculated inamong Ethnicity Each of respondents and Sense of ethnic integration at Level of Assurance 99% equal to 0/76 That It can be concluded that there are significant differences between Sense of Integration ethnicities Turk and Kurd in Urmia City region. Finally, to achieve Integration ethnicities Turk and Kurd in Urmia City regions, benefiting from social capital is presented strategies for achieving social cohesion.

Urban furniture elements of the urban area is the quantity and quality of beauty, comforter ability and Location key role in achieving beautiful and healthy city is a city where people feel The three main goals of urban planning, health, comfort and beauty are The aim is to achieve all three cases, in addition to the pleasant atmosphere of urban design and planning of urban furniture is carefully and patiently. comfortable to accept and present it to sit at home prefer Beautiful Outdoor Furniture unworthy, not attractive and beautiful space where the furniture is unseemly, will highlight the city and urban furniture designed along the road to a healthy city today coating seating, sequence and frequency space layout also has a positive impact on their visual quality. The purpose of this study is cross-sectional study of urban furniture and its impact on reducing social pathologies of urban lighting in the city, the urban furniture, landscape and urban citizens, urban furniture (disabled, veterans and seniors), the symbols and roads and streets is considered the lowest social damage can be seen.

The aim of this research is the study of development extends of rural resident in Taleghan region of Savojbolagh County. The numbers of residents were 81. The TOPOSIS method was used for country residency ranking. Results showed that based on calculated * i C that the lowest *i C was 0.10 for Parkeh and the highest * i C was 0.88 for Taleghan city. The * i C average was 0.16. The range of developed level of rural and 68 residencies were undeveloped. Analysis of variance showed there is significant difference between the * i C averages of development levels.

These days manpower as an unlimited source and as the focus of any development is proposed. Among these entrepreneurs is more effective role in economic development process. Research shows that positive correlation between economic growth and the number of entrepreneurs in a country there. Entrepreneur is a country that has a large number of commercial and economic incentives are stronger. This paper examines the impact of tourism as a second home on employment and entrepreneurship in rural areas Chahar Mahal va Bakhteari province (Case Study:Saman city, village of Cham Chang) and in a representative sample (n = 390) by Cochran, show that: -Contact Exists between the development of second homes and entrepreneurship.-Contact Exists between the development of second homes and indirect job opportunities.-Contact Exists between the development of second homes and create direct employment opportunities.

In any society on macro policies and development strategies may be formed organizations with different part of the development goals and Structures. It is a service activity in the tourism industry for many organizations involved in providing services to involve. Today’s lucrative tourism industry and clean lines are the least expensive. Iran has one of the natural attractions and ancient history and the young population is increasing and hence more and more attention in the industry can achieve full employment, increase foreign exchange earnings Introducing Iranian culture to theworld, extensive and constructive engagement with the world, and provides breaking boundaries and ethnic minorities. But Iran is not developing this area one of the main reasons would be the organization responsible for tourism in the country. The country in the period before the revolution and after the revolution in a fixed position in the decision-making bodies is not tourism. In each period, depending on the goals and policies of the government and various institutions have been merged to form an abstraction that could be a factor affecting an organization's records in this paper an analytical view - a critical review of the organization is responsible tourism.

One of the problems that mast countries face today is the old textures among cities. Which each country tries to solve that problem base on its local facilities and capabilities with respect to different theorist's theories. Realization of this goal requires extensive studies to achieve sustainable urban fabric indicators and sustainable development methods. In this regard, it is necessary participation of all related national and local institutions. Thus, with more equal can be created executive vectors, powerful outcome in the restoration and reconstruction of worn-out tissues. This study examines old textures in district 6 of Chalous, emphasizing people's participation based on theoretical basis of sustainable development. The sample includes 300 persons that were selected randomly from region 6 of Chalous. The tools used in this study are a five – item Likert questionnaire made by the researcher that evaluates people's participation and economic recovery in region 6. Data analysis was done by test Karl Pearson's chi-square, Chop of correlation coefficient in SPSS software, and the results showed that, there is a relationship between peoplesparticipation and renewal process in district 6 of Chalous. Thus generally, finding of this study shows that due to the existence of components of neighborhood identify and fixation, among citizens of this district, there is no suitable potential among citizens in district 6 of Chalous.

Nowadays with population growing & their requirement to living in cities aside from dwelling house, more Requests have been for transportation. This issue has made a lot of difficulties in urban development, therefore urban managers have to be familiar with urban pattern, urban geomorphology, network system, social, economic & population characteristic in order to organization. the condition that traffic have been made in district 5 in Anzali township is not just slowly traveling, crowding & behavioral disorders; more ever no legality and implement plan that must have a standard zoning are absent. Due to lack of space communication and too much trafficand congestion of vehicles the Old sector of Bandare Anzali city should be considered more and the use of public vehicles should increase. This research method is descriptive – analytical study that has been collected by using a combination of attributive and comparative methods, and also to collecting information, questionnaires and direct observation methods are used. Results suggest that reforming the district 5 in Anzali Township require a plan with all fundamental aspect ofeconomic, cultural, social, and legal, which will improve traffic status.

Spatial-physical development is a changing process in response to needs and demands of citizens and containing physical spaces toward new functions and activities that moves step by step along with of social changes in optimum and organic state. Development should be responsive to the needs of urban residents in the scene to ensure the future safety of residents. Today the development of cities is to be based on the needs of urban residents to increase living standards in urban environments. Accordingly, considering the main objective of sustainable urban development is to meet the immediate and future needs of citizens in the areas of social, economic, environmental and proportional distribution activities and functions; therefore the present study discuss to evaluate the spatial - physical development pattern of Bandargaz in the areas of social, economic, environmental. To achieve the objectives of the study and in order to describe and analyze the data, field studies and the software EXELL and SPSS were used. The results of this study indicate that the performed plans in that area are not synchronized to the objectives of the plans and they could not perform a desired spatial, structural pattern in the physical context of the town. As a result there are shortcomings in spatial - physical development pattern of Bandargaz in terms of providing social, economic and environmental needs of citizens.

Architecture, planning and development with climate data and climate thermal needs of the building where is possible. This paper aims to identify and evaluate the thermal comfort indices and compliance with environmental elements in the architecture introvert is GARMSAR. The most striking feature of climatic City Branch in order of importance, especially in eco-urban construction, heat, intensity and duration of sunshine and low humidity are the analysis of these data are based on weather station GARMSAR (10 years old) has been done. This research is a descriptive study with field and thermal indices using methods such as Oleg, architectural harmony with the climatic conditions provided for Garamsar City. The city is preparing for the Branch. Hypothesis was examined and finally recommendations for design residential space, including the location of the physical form of buildings, window position, etc. are provided.

Qashqaies have an important role in Iran policy and economy, from view point of productions and historical documents. They have settled and then change their livelihood method. This paper expresses cultural, social and economic features of Qashqai immigrants and residents. Then it will study relates between these features and housing patterns. The research hypothesis is that there is adaptation between village houses and black tent of Qashqai in terms of human factors (cultural, economic and social). Research method is descriptive in this paper. Practical end is presentingpatterns of residential units design in villages of Qashqai in appropriate with human structures. The research subject is housing patterns that are affected by lifestyle and native culture. This subject is analyzed through observation of samples in villages and black tents. The result of paper is that effective factors on design of Qashqai village and nomad houses are livelihood method, kinship connection, cultural opinions, some customs and tribal Hierarchy. How nomads housing convert to village housing is scientific results of this paper that can practical for architectures and designers.

Making job and income are two important parameters which Rural development policy makers and planners discuss about them and if geographical environment be more dynamic and more stable then economic structure of village will be varied and vivacious. We believe that varied economic activities, stability of environment and safekeeping of life diversity have been impressed by Green tourism then in this paper, we have paid attention to survey and scrutiny of green tourism development at Tochal village (Pakdasht township) via quality research method and Grounded theory. Synthetic method (documental–survey) has been used in order to data gathering because of analyzing. For this purpose, we have used interview, partnership and unpartnership observation and photography and shoot beside documental study. Terminal phenomenon has been reflected to interaction between local people and tourists, commutation of proximate action of tourist's composer attendance to rupture action. Casual conditions, meddlesome conditions, utilization strategies and some of results of this action change are: A) casual condition: decrease of norms of transaction act, emigration; B) meddlesome conditions: when wee benefits have precedence then rural land use will be changed; C) strategies: change of life structure, change of village texture, low vim for economic problems and D)

Non-development of village, retardation of growth for self- reliance and self- credence.